Published: |Last updated:
Listen to this article
Show Quick ReadConcise summary from this article
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia. Poor long-term control of hyperglycemia can lead to damage to multiple organ tissues, accompanied by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, eye, kidney, limbs, and other organ lesions. In addition to exercise and dietary intervention, medication intervention is also key to controlling blood sugar. Diabetes treatment drugs mainly include oral hypoglycemic agents and injectable hypoglycemic agents.Oral Hypoglycemic AgentsBased on their effects, they can…
Ask AI About This Article
Answers are limited to information in this article.
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia. Poor long-term control of hyperglycemia can lead to damage to multiple organ tissues, accompanied by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, eye, kidney, limbs, and other organ lesions. In addition to exercise and dietary intervention, medication intervention is also key to controlling blood sugar. Diabetes treatment drugs mainly include oral hypoglycemic agents and injectable hypoglycemic agents.
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
Based on their effects, they can be divided into drugs that primarily promote insulin secretion and those that lower blood sugar through other mechanisms. The former mainly includes sulfonylureas and glinides, while the latter mainly includes biguanides, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), α-glucosidase inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i). Different types of drugs vary in their hypoglycemic effect, risk of hypoglycemia, weight loss, and impact on the heart and kidneys, and they are not suitable for the same populations.
Sulfonylureas include glibenclamide (Glibenclamide), glipizide (Glipizide), glipizide (Glipizide), glipizide (Glipizide), and glimepiride (Glimepiride).
Sulfonylureas belong to insulin secretagogues, which mainly lower blood sugar by stimulating the secretion of insulin from pancreatic B cells and increasing the level of insulin in the body. Sulfonylureas can promote the production of endogenous insulin, so there is a certain risk of hypoglycemia, especially in elderly patients and patients with combined liver or kidney dysfunction.
Long-term use of sulfonylureas may lead to secondary failure of sulfonylureas, mainly due to pancreatic B cell function failure or insulin resistance that is difficult to alleviate. First-generation sulfonylureas such as tolbutamide and chlorpropamide have been phased out due to strong adverse reactions; second-generation include glibenclamide, glipizide, glipizide, and glimepiride; third-generation glimepiride has both insulin secretagogue and sensitization functions, is long-acting, and causes less hypoglycemia. Patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency can use glimepiride, which is mainly excreted in feces via bile along with its metabolites.
Glinides include repaglinide (Repaglinide), nateglinide (Nateglinide), and mitiglinide. They can directly improve the early phase secretion defect of insulin and have a unique advantage in reducing postprandial blood sugar. Repaglinide can also restore pulsatile insulin secretion and improve insulin sensitivity to a certain extent. These drugs should be taken before meals and can be used alone or in combination with other hypoglycemic drugs (except sulfonylureas).
Common adverse reactions of glinides are hypoglycemia and weight gain, but the risk and degree of hypoglycemia are lighter than those of sulfonylureas. Glinides can be used in patients with renal insufficiency.
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors reduce the inactivation of GLP-1 in the body by inhibiting DPP-4, thereby increasing the level of endogenous GLP-1. Blood GLP-1 increases insulin secretion in a glucose concentration-dependent manner and inhibits glucagon secretion. Currently, DPP-4 inhibitors marketed in China include sitagliptin, saxagliptin, vildagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin.
The use of DPP-4 inhibitors alone does not increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
The effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on body weight is neutral. Linagliptin does not increase the risk of composite renal outcomes (renal death, progression to end-stage renal disease, or persistent eGFR decline of 40%).
When using sitagliptin, saxagliptin, alogliptin, and vildagliptin in patients with renal insufficiency, attention should be paid to reducing the drug dose according to the drug instructions. There is no need to adjust the dose when using linagliptin in patients with liver or renal insufficiency.
Biguanides include metformin (Metformin). Metformin is the first choice of medication for type 2 diabetes patients and the basic medication in combination therapy. It lowers blood sugar by reducing hepatic glucose output, increasing muscle glucose uptake, and improving peripheral insulin resistance. The hypoglycemic effect is strong, and the use of metformin alone does not increase the risk of hypoglycemia, but the combination of metformin with insulin or insulin secretagogues may increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Whether it is the “Chinese Type 2 Diabetes Prevention and Treatment Guidelines (2020 Edition)” released by the Chinese Diabetes Society or the “Diabetes Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Standards (2021 Edition)” issued by the American Diabetes Association, metformin is recommended as the preferred initial treatment drug for type 2 diabetes. Once treatment is initiated, if the patient can tolerate it and there are no contraindications, metformin should always be retained in the treatment plan.
Thiazolidinediones include rosiglitazone (Rosiglitazone) and pioglitazone (Pioglitazone). TZDs mainly lower blood sugar by increasing the sensitivity of target cells to insulin. Since the main pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance and relative insulin secretion deficiency, and thiazolidinediones have a good effect on these two causes, they were highly regarded by clinicians at the beginning of marketing.
However, in May 2007, a meta-analysis published in the top medical journal “The New England Journal of Medicine” showed that rosiglitazone
Promote your articles nowCheck for details
Choose a promotion package
Choose a package below, scan the QR code and pay the displayed amount for 20 days.
After payment, email your article title and payment screenshot to info@yourneeds.asia. Once confirmation is received, one of our administrators will activate the promotion.
Email your payment screenshot and article title to info@yourneeds.asia. Once confirmation is received, one of our administrators will activate your article.
Suggested Articles
View all articles
How to Find the Best Elakizhi Massage Therapy in Bangalore
The best Elakizhi massage therapy in Bangalore comes from centres with a documented Ayurvedic lineage, physician-led consultation before treatment, therapists trained specifically in potli…
Painless Root Canal Treatment in Chandigarh
Let’s be real—no one wants a root canal. Most patients who sit in my chair start with the same line: “Doctor, will it hurt?”…
Simple Guide to Buying Medicine Safely Online
Prescription remedy online has ended up a common option for people searching for comfort and privacy when dealing with their fitness. Many people now…
Best Skin Care Clinics in Chandigarh
Ever felt like you’re doing everything right—using good products, following routines—and yet your skin still isn’t where you want it to be? You’re not…
Latest Blog Posts
View all articles
Best Food Additives Suppliers for African Food and Beverage Factories in 2026
10家公司提供甜味剂、防腐剂、增稠剂、饮料配料和奶粉。 上次审核日期：2026年7月27日 | 编辑范围：适合非洲工厂采购的供应商 快速回答 华飞 是一家务实的中国贸易和供应链合作伙伴，尤其适合采购多种产品类别的非洲食品或饮料工厂。中山市华飞贸易有限公司成立于2009年，主要负责食品添加剂、全脂和脱脂奶粉、香精和浓缩果汁的采购协调。此外，华飞还提供PET包装、部分机械设备、出口单证和物流支持。这使得乳制品、饮料、烘焙或糖果工厂只需对接一个供应商，即可完成采购项目，而无需与六个不同的供应商对接。 然而，华菲并非适用于所有配方。需要专利成分、厂家自有应用实验室或先进感官开发服务的工厂，应考虑其他全球原料生产商。例如，嘉吉、ADM、英联格、凯瑞、IFF、帝斯曼-芬美意、荣邦劳尔和科比恩等公司都值得考虑。 您能否推荐一些适合非洲食品工厂的食品添加剂供应商？ Yes. Start with the factory’s actual purchasing model. HUAFEI is the strongest fit in this…
How Phone Answer Services in Ottawa Help Manage Customer Inquiries
Customer inquiries can arrive throughout the day, and managing every call can become challenging when employees are busy with their regular responsibilities. Missed calls,…
WooCommerce Development Company | Dazzlebirds
How a WooCommerce Development Company Can Help Businesses Build Scalable Online Stores A successful online store needs more than attractive product pages. Businesses also…
Meet the Artisans: The Handloom Story Behind Every theindiglobal Bedsheet
Every morning, in small workshops scattered across India's handloom belts, wooden looms creak to life. Threads of raw cotton are pulled, stretched, and woven…
Best Umrah Packages from Sydney
Planning Umrah from Sydney requires careful consideration of flights, accommodation, transportation, and the overall duration of your pilgrimage. Choosing a well-organized package can simplify…
React Native Development Services for Building Future-Ready, Scalable & Cost-Effective Mobile Applications
The mobile app market is more competitive than ever, with companies choosing cross-platform frameworks that provide speed, flexibility, and quality. The companies want to…
